Way To Hackintosh : Questions

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">yes this is what i am searching too over internet for a long and finally found what happen over internet ;)  </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">so just wana share with u all </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Best answer i found is here </span></div>
<table style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="votecell"><div class="vote">
<span class="vote-accepted-on load-accepted-answer-date" title="loading when this answer was accepted..."></span>
</div>
</td><td class="votecell"><div class="vote">
<span class="vote-accepted-on load-accepted-answer-date" title="loading when this answer was accepted..."></span>
</div>
</td><td class="votecell"><div class="vote">
<span class="vote-accepted-on load-accepted-answer-date" title="loading when this answer was accepted..."></span>
</div>
</td>

<td class="answercell"><div class="post-text" itemprop="text">
<h2>
How do I figure out the Internet's infrastructure?</h2>
Let's suppose we don't know about the <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4">history of the Internet</a>, nor do we have access to any online resources that explain us this.<br />
<br />
Then, the only way to <i>learn</i>
 how the Internet infastructure is built is to go back to the roots. 
Using existing protocols to discover how our Internet is built.<br />
<br />
Specifically, the <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc792">Internet Control Message Protocol</a>
 or ICMP defines the Echo request and the Echo reply. By increasing the 
Time To Live of IP packets by 1 each iteration, you can find each next<br />
 hop on the path to your target. This allows you to get a list of hops 
between you and your target, the classic <i>traceroute</i>.<br />
<br />
On Windows, you can use <code>tracert</code>; on Linux and Mac OS X, you can use <code>traceroute</code>.<br />
<br />
So, let's do a traceroute from Belgium to the United States; Stack Exchange looks like a good target.<br />
<br />
<br />
<pre><code>Tracing route to stackexchange.com [64.34.119.12] over a maximum of 30 hops:

... redacted ...

5    10 ms    12 ms    12 ms  te-3-3.car2.Brussels1.Level3.net [212.3.237.53]
  6    11 ms    11 ms    15 ms  ae-0-11.bar2.Brussels1.Level3.net [4.69.148.178]
  7    20 ms    13 ms    15 ms  ae-7-7.ebr1.London1.Level3.net [4.69.148.182]
  8    16 ms    16 ms    18 ms  vlan101.ebr2.London1.Level3.net [4.69.143.86]
  9    83 ms    84 ms    87 ms  ae-44-44.ebr1.NewYork1.Level3.net [4.69.137.78]
 10    84 ms    93 ms    97 ms  ae-71-71.csw2.NewYork1.Level3.net [4.69.134.70]
 11    87 ms    96 ms    83 ms  ae-2-70.edge1.NewYork1.Level3.net [4.69.155.78]
 12    84 ms    93 ms    84 ms  gig2-0.nyc-gsr-b.peer1.net [216.187.123.5]
 13    87 ms    84 ms    85 ms  gwny01.stackoverflow.com [64.34.41.58]
 14    87 ms    82 ms    87 ms  stackoverflow.com [64.34.119.12]</code></pre>
<pre><code> </code></pre>
Interesting, we now know that Belgium, London and New York are all connected to <a href="http://www.level3.com/">Level3</a>.<br />
Level3 can be seen as an ISP to ISPs, they simply interconnect multiple ISPs.<br />
 Here is a picture of how it's connected:<br />
<br />
<img alt="" height="388" src="http://i.stack.imgur.com/Tjlwl.jpg" width="640" />Let's go the opposite direction, China! The first thing I could find is the search engine Baidu.<br />
<br />
<pre><code>Tracing route to baidu.com [123.125.114.144] over a maximum of 30 hops:

... redacted ...

5    12 ms    10 ms    12 ms  ae0.anr11.ip4.tinet.net [77.67.65.177]
  6   167 ms   167 ms   167 ms  xe-5-1-0.sjc10.ip4.tinet.net [89.149.185.161]
  7   390 ms   388 ms   388 ms  as4837.ip4.tinet.net [77.67.79.150]
  8   397 ms   393 ms   397 ms  219.158.30.41
  9   892 ms     *      392 ms  219.158.97.13
 10   407 ms   403 ms   403 ms  219.158.11.197
 11   452 ms   451 ms   452 ms  219.158.15.5
 12     *      434 ms   434 ms  123.126.0.66
 13   449 ms   450 ms   450 ms  61.148.3.34
 14   432 ms   433 ms   431 ms  202.106.43.66
 15   435 ms   435 ms   436 ms  123.125.114.144
</code></pre>
Well, not much information about the Chinese ISPs there but we at least found <a href="http://www.inteliquent.com/">Tinet</a>. Here is a nice picture of their site that shows how they connect with the various ISPs:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_OoO9jg0WqJZS2u5-e0GU1FVj7NdPzr5qHBUmP_hj4k4DvchyphenhyphensdFnGTYxnwDeGccgXMHhlCsybejlo5QYDBMYTQIM-1QDhM4TGIe1OHpHZWi6hg_odfStRcnXZmIAGOMzO2pw3U8g8OyG/s1600/network.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_OoO9jg0WqJZS2u5-e0GU1FVj7NdPzr5qHBUmP_hj4k4DvchyphenhyphensdFnGTYxnwDeGccgXMHhlCsybejlo5QYDBMYTQIM-1QDhM4TGIe1OHpHZWi6hg_odfStRcnXZmIAGOMzO2pw3U8g8OyG/s1600/network.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
They simply have a cloud of hops spread about the relevant part of 
the world they serve, and at the end points they connect to the ISPs. 
The reason they have a cloud of hops is for reliability, for when some 
hops fall out...<br />
  <br />
If you repeat this a few times, you can get an idea of how <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbone">everything is connected</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8Krbwap6h5Lud10bf7x_WmAf0HoLAvj0szRCR42Hk1Lj9DweFVYuoHuw5p5v5pGG871kIjUzhbVl5j9dGBZ-G7rEaxCQ1R1rqWehvGrlOLtT2unxbUZHMhLuFDY81gOeSruTxF-0Zmj0/s1600/40AmP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8Krbwap6h5Lud10bf7x_WmAf0HoLAvj0szRCR42Hk1Lj9DweFVYuoHuw5p5v5pGG871kIjUzhbVl5j9dGBZ-G7rEaxCQ1R1rqWehvGrlOLtT2unxbUZHMhLuFDY81gOeSruTxF-0Zmj0/s1600/40AmP.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
So, what Network Tiers are there?</h2>
The huge networks we found through trace-routing are known as Tier 1 networks.<br />
<blockquote>
Although there is no authority that defines tiers of networks 
participating in the Internet, the most common definition of a tier 1 
network is one that can reach every other network on the Internet 
without purchasing IP transit or paying settlements.<br />
By this definition, a tier 1 network is a transit-free network that
 peers with every other tier-1 network. But not all transit-free 
networks are tier 1 networks. It is possible to become transit-free by 
paying for peering or agreeing to settlements.<br />
Common definitions of tier 2 and tier 3 networks:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Tier 2:</b> A network that peers with some 
networks, but still purchases IP transit or pays settlements to reach at
 least some portion of the Internet.</li>
<li><b>Tier 3:</b> A network that solely purchases transit from other networks to reach the Internet.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
If you click through to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier_1_network">Tier 1 networks</a> from the Internet Backbone page you get to a list of the current Tier 1 networks:<br />
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>AT&T from USA</li>
<li>Centurylink (formerly Qwest and Savvis) from USA</li>
<li>Deutsche Telekom AG from Germany</li>
<li>Inteliquent (formerly Tinet) from USA</li>
<li>Verizon Business (formerly UUNET) from USA</li>
<li>Sprint from USA</li>
<li>TeliaSonera International Carrier from Sweden</li>
<li>NTT Communications from Japan </li>
<li>Level 3 Communications from USA</li>
<li>Tata Communications from India</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
It is not known if <code>AOL Transit Data Network (ATDN)</code> is still a Tier 1 network.<br />
<h2>
<i>Wait, what...</i> What is Peering?</h2>
These networks connect to each other through a process known as 
'peering'. Most traffic needs to go over at least 2 different top tier 
networks in order to reach its destination, and the networks are bridged
 with peering arrangements.<br />
<br />
The way this usually works is that each 
party to the agreement will commit to routing x amount of traffic for 
the other party on their network, and vice-verse. There is usually no 
money exchanged in these arrangements, unless one side is sending or 
receiving a lot more data than the other sides.<br />
<br />
Large companies can also go out and arrange their own peering 
relationships. For example Netflix has arranged its own peering and 
network infrastructure directly with multiple tier-1 networks so that 
its traffic is both cheaper and closer to end users on each of the 
popular US broadband ISP's.<br />
See this <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering">Wikipedia page on Peering</a>.<br />
<br />
There's a lot more to read at those pages; this answer gives a 
general idea, discovering all the details are left as an exercise to the
 reader. You can ask questions about this subject in the comments 
below...<br />
<br />
<br />
i found this mind blowing answer from [www.superuser.com]  and user was <a href="http://superuser.com/users/9666/tom-wijsman">Tom Wijsman</a> thankx man :) really enjoy reading this  </div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</div>

Who provides the Internet service to Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?

yes this is what i am searching too over internet for a long and finally found what happen over internet ;) so just wana share with ...

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">When i am looking for a weird answer over the internet i found this awesome question which says</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">'<span style="font-weight: normal;">If 32-bit machines can only handle numbers up to 2^32, why can I write 1000000000000 (trillion) without my machine crashing?'</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">which is really nice question for a it person as well as non it  but its just a simple question </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">lest see how it solved  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">(funny+logical) Best Answer  :D</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz_irxh66PfPdxJtkIu6ypOL-s5e3NmNz2XB9_A9eXZthID9wuPqDze-ISQtjG0L-p86Nw-eOip830hDTRqR30xLg0jSx7uKor7tBFWC9qxyBOEJMhsnMrI1pJDBbQL1kUflc_wiWNXpX/s1600/answer+one+on+memory+.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz_irxh66PfPdxJtkIu6ypOL-s5e3NmNz2XB9_A9eXZthID9wuPqDze-ISQtjG0L-p86Nw-eOip830hDTRqR30xLg0jSx7uKor7tBFWC9qxyBOEJMhsnMrI1pJDBbQL1kUflc_wiWNXpX/s1600/answer+one+on+memory+.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Another one </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1x6aWudQSZihONntvyrYtRyjguJPRRZStgROqAGcxwiZZR1Ou8XaZZT94AFmPIYm2Jt_B5qwdp3kJDvs3HcGbZqR5Zt-LZ7SpADh8ZjrUPcoDcASuIaGgO0WtsF9vDJ5JrOsrhhLDW85i/s1600/memory+question+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1x6aWudQSZihONntvyrYtRyjguJPRRZStgROqAGcxwiZZR1Ou8XaZZT94AFmPIYm2Jt_B5qwdp3kJDvs3HcGbZqR5Zt-LZ7SpADh8ZjrUPcoDcASuIaGgO0WtsF9vDJ5JrOsrhhLDW85i/s1600/memory+question+2.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Best  </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMLoDSebpCy_vgo-eQq0v0_RItbdN5bcwyhrgwaJEF2uKiPleepztpILInoOrjgaoynLDwPdLGKG7FzHeR1GsvjYaXRaFdhdDfCgNN6u2rc_63Xolzbnk_PqhTxzIWDkapK2rcy9iPZfg/s1600/best+answer+.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMLoDSebpCy_vgo-eQq0v0_RItbdN5bcwyhrgwaJEF2uKiPleepztpILInoOrjgaoynLDwPdLGKG7FzHeR1GsvjYaXRaFdhdDfCgNN6u2rc_63Xolzbnk_PqhTxzIWDkapK2rcy9iPZfg/s1600/best+answer+.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">comment or discuses your answers related to questions   </span></span></span></div>