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Who provides the Internet service to Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?

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<span style="font-size: large;">yes this is what i am searching too over internet for a long and finally found what happen over internet ;)  </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">so just wana share with u all </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Best answer i found is here </span></div>
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<h2>
How do I figure out the Internet's infrastructure?</h2>
Let's suppose we don't know about the <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4">history of the Internet</a>, nor do we have access to any online resources that explain us this.<br />
<br />
Then, the only way to <i>learn</i>
 how the Internet infastructure is built is to go back to the roots. 
Using existing protocols to discover how our Internet is built.<br />
<br />
Specifically, the <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc792">Internet Control Message Protocol</a>
 or ICMP defines the Echo request and the Echo reply. By increasing the 
Time To Live of IP packets by 1 each iteration, you can find each next<br />
 hop on the path to your target. This allows you to get a list of hops 
between you and your target, the classic <i>traceroute</i>.<br />
<br />
On Windows, you can use <code>tracert</code>; on Linux and Mac OS X, you can use <code>traceroute</code>.<br />
<br />
So, let's do a traceroute from Belgium to the United States; Stack Exchange looks like a good target.<br />
<br />
<br />
<pre><code>Tracing route to stackexchange.com [64.34.119.12] over a maximum of 30 hops:

... redacted ...

5    10 ms    12 ms    12 ms  te-3-3.car2.Brussels1.Level3.net [212.3.237.53]
  6    11 ms    11 ms    15 ms  ae-0-11.bar2.Brussels1.Level3.net [4.69.148.178]
  7    20 ms    13 ms    15 ms  ae-7-7.ebr1.London1.Level3.net [4.69.148.182]
  8    16 ms    16 ms    18 ms  vlan101.ebr2.London1.Level3.net [4.69.143.86]
  9    83 ms    84 ms    87 ms  ae-44-44.ebr1.NewYork1.Level3.net [4.69.137.78]
 10    84 ms    93 ms    97 ms  ae-71-71.csw2.NewYork1.Level3.net [4.69.134.70]
 11    87 ms    96 ms    83 ms  ae-2-70.edge1.NewYork1.Level3.net [4.69.155.78]
 12    84 ms    93 ms    84 ms  gig2-0.nyc-gsr-b.peer1.net [216.187.123.5]
 13    87 ms    84 ms    85 ms  gwny01.stackoverflow.com [64.34.41.58]
 14    87 ms    82 ms    87 ms  stackoverflow.com [64.34.119.12]</code></pre>
<pre><code> </code></pre>
Interesting, we now know that Belgium, London and New York are all connected to <a href="http://www.level3.com/">Level3</a>.<br />
Level3 can be seen as an ISP to ISPs, they simply interconnect multiple ISPs.<br />
 Here is a picture of how it's connected:<br />
<br />
<img alt="" height="388" src="http://i.stack.imgur.com/Tjlwl.jpg" width="640" />Let's go the opposite direction, China! The first thing I could find is the search engine Baidu.<br />
<br />
<pre><code>Tracing route to baidu.com [123.125.114.144] over a maximum of 30 hops:

... redacted ...

5    12 ms    10 ms    12 ms  ae0.anr11.ip4.tinet.net [77.67.65.177]
  6   167 ms   167 ms   167 ms  xe-5-1-0.sjc10.ip4.tinet.net [89.149.185.161]
  7   390 ms   388 ms   388 ms  as4837.ip4.tinet.net [77.67.79.150]
  8   397 ms   393 ms   397 ms  219.158.30.41
  9   892 ms     *      392 ms  219.158.97.13
 10   407 ms   403 ms   403 ms  219.158.11.197
 11   452 ms   451 ms   452 ms  219.158.15.5
 12     *      434 ms   434 ms  123.126.0.66
 13   449 ms   450 ms   450 ms  61.148.3.34
 14   432 ms   433 ms   431 ms  202.106.43.66
 15   435 ms   435 ms   436 ms  123.125.114.144
</code></pre>
Well, not much information about the Chinese ISPs there but we at least found <a href="http://www.inteliquent.com/">Tinet</a>. Here is a nice picture of their site that shows how they connect with the various ISPs:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_OoO9jg0WqJZS2u5-e0GU1FVj7NdPzr5qHBUmP_hj4k4DvchyphenhyphensdFnGTYxnwDeGccgXMHhlCsybejlo5QYDBMYTQIM-1QDhM4TGIe1OHpHZWi6hg_odfStRcnXZmIAGOMzO2pw3U8g8OyG/s1600/network.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_OoO9jg0WqJZS2u5-e0GU1FVj7NdPzr5qHBUmP_hj4k4DvchyphenhyphensdFnGTYxnwDeGccgXMHhlCsybejlo5QYDBMYTQIM-1QDhM4TGIe1OHpHZWi6hg_odfStRcnXZmIAGOMzO2pw3U8g8OyG/s1600/network.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
They simply have a cloud of hops spread about the relevant part of 
the world they serve, and at the end points they connect to the ISPs. 
The reason they have a cloud of hops is for reliability, for when some 
hops fall out...<br />
  <br />
If you repeat this a few times, you can get an idea of how <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbone">everything is connected</a>.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8Krbwap6h5Lud10bf7x_WmAf0HoLAvj0szRCR42Hk1Lj9DweFVYuoHuw5p5v5pGG871kIjUzhbVl5j9dGBZ-G7rEaxCQ1R1rqWehvGrlOLtT2unxbUZHMhLuFDY81gOeSruTxF-0Zmj0/s1600/40AmP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8Krbwap6h5Lud10bf7x_WmAf0HoLAvj0szRCR42Hk1Lj9DweFVYuoHuw5p5v5pGG871kIjUzhbVl5j9dGBZ-G7rEaxCQ1R1rqWehvGrlOLtT2unxbUZHMhLuFDY81gOeSruTxF-0Zmj0/s1600/40AmP.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
So, what Network Tiers are there?</h2>
The huge networks we found through trace-routing are known as Tier 1 networks.<br />
<blockquote>
Although there is no authority that defines tiers of networks 
participating in the Internet, the most common definition of a tier 1 
network is one that can reach every other network on the Internet 
without purchasing IP transit or paying settlements.<br />
By this definition, a tier 1 network is a transit-free network that
 peers with every other tier-1 network. But not all transit-free 
networks are tier 1 networks. It is possible to become transit-free by 
paying for peering or agreeing to settlements.<br />
Common definitions of tier 2 and tier 3 networks:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Tier 2:</b> A network that peers with some 
networks, but still purchases IP transit or pays settlements to reach at
 least some portion of the Internet.</li>
<li><b>Tier 3:</b> A network that solely purchases transit from other networks to reach the Internet.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
If you click through to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier_1_network">Tier 1 networks</a> from the Internet Backbone page you get to a list of the current Tier 1 networks:<br />
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>AT&T from USA</li>
<li>Centurylink (formerly Qwest and Savvis) from USA</li>
<li>Deutsche Telekom AG from Germany</li>
<li>Inteliquent (formerly Tinet) from USA</li>
<li>Verizon Business (formerly UUNET) from USA</li>
<li>Sprint from USA</li>
<li>TeliaSonera International Carrier from Sweden</li>
<li>NTT Communications from Japan </li>
<li>Level 3 Communications from USA</li>
<li>Tata Communications from India</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
It is not known if <code>AOL Transit Data Network (ATDN)</code> is still a Tier 1 network.<br />
<h2>
<i>Wait, what...</i> What is Peering?</h2>
These networks connect to each other through a process known as 
'peering'. Most traffic needs to go over at least 2 different top tier 
networks in order to reach its destination, and the networks are bridged
 with peering arrangements.<br />
<br />
The way this usually works is that each 
party to the agreement will commit to routing x amount of traffic for 
the other party on their network, and vice-verse. There is usually no 
money exchanged in these arrangements, unless one side is sending or 
receiving a lot more data than the other sides.<br />
<br />
Large companies can also go out and arrange their own peering 
relationships. For example Netflix has arranged its own peering and 
network infrastructure directly with multiple tier-1 networks so that 
its traffic is both cheaper and closer to end users on each of the 
popular US broadband ISP's.<br />
See this <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering">Wikipedia page on Peering</a>.<br />
<br />
There's a lot more to read at those pages; this answer gives a 
general idea, discovering all the details are left as an exercise to the
 reader. You can ask questions about this subject in the comments 
below...<br />
<br />
<br />
i found this mind blowing answer from [www.superuser.com]  and user was <a href="http://superuser.com/users/9666/tom-wijsman">Tom Wijsman</a> thankx man :) really enjoy reading this  </div>
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Who provides the Internet service to Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?

Admin Jixxi 0 Questions

yes this is what i am searching too over internet for a long and finally found what happen over internet ;) so just wana share with u all Best answer i found is here How do I figure …

If 32-bit machines can only handle numbers up to 2^32, why can I write 1000000000000 (trillion) without my machine crashing?

Admin Jixxi 0 Questions

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<span style="font-size: large;">When i am looking for a weird answer over the internet i found this awesome question which says</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">'<span style="font-weight: normal;">If 32-bit machines can only handle numbers up to 2^32, why can I write 1000000000000 (trillion) without my machine crashing?'</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">which is really nice question for a it person as well as non it  but its just a simple question </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">lest see how it solved  </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">(funny+logical) Best Answer  :D</span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz_irxh66PfPdxJtkIu6ypOL-s5e3NmNz2XB9_A9eXZthID9wuPqDze-ISQtjG0L-p86Nw-eOip830hDTRqR30xLg0jSx7uKor7tBFWC9qxyBOEJMhsnMrI1pJDBbQL1kUflc_wiWNXpX/s1600/answer+one+on+memory+.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz_irxh66PfPdxJtkIu6ypOL-s5e3NmNz2XB9_A9eXZthID9wuPqDze-ISQtjG0L-p86Nw-eOip830hDTRqR30xLg0jSx7uKor7tBFWC9qxyBOEJMhsnMrI1pJDBbQL1kUflc_wiWNXpX/s1600/answer+one+on+memory+.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Another one </span></span></span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1x6aWudQSZihONntvyrYtRyjguJPRRZStgROqAGcxwiZZR1Ou8XaZZT94AFmPIYm2Jt_B5qwdp3kJDvs3HcGbZqR5Zt-LZ7SpADh8ZjrUPcoDcASuIaGgO0WtsF9vDJ5JrOsrhhLDW85i/s1600/memory+question+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1x6aWudQSZihONntvyrYtRyjguJPRRZStgROqAGcxwiZZR1Ou8XaZZT94AFmPIYm2Jt_B5qwdp3kJDvs3HcGbZqR5Zt-LZ7SpADh8ZjrUPcoDcASuIaGgO0WtsF9vDJ5JrOsrhhLDW85i/s1600/memory+question+2.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Best  </span></span></span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMLoDSebpCy_vgo-eQq0v0_RItbdN5bcwyhrgwaJEF2uKiPleepztpILInoOrjgaoynLDwPdLGKG7FzHeR1GsvjYaXRaFdhdDfCgNN6u2rc_63Xolzbnk_PqhTxzIWDkapK2rcy9iPZfg/s1600/best+answer+.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMLoDSebpCy_vgo-eQq0v0_RItbdN5bcwyhrgwaJEF2uKiPleepztpILInoOrjgaoynLDwPdLGKG7FzHeR1GsvjYaXRaFdhdDfCgNN6u2rc_63Xolzbnk_PqhTxzIWDkapK2rcy9iPZfg/s1600/best+answer+.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">comment or discuses your answers related to questions   </span></span></span></div>

If 32-bit machines can only handle numbers up to 2^32, why can I write 1000000000000 (trillion) without my machine crashing?

Admin Jixxi 0 Questions

When i am looking for a weird answer over the internet i found this awesome question which says 'If 32-bit machines can only handle numbers up to 2^32, why can I write 1000000000000 (trillion) withou…

Keep Your Passwords Safe with Password Safe

minix 0 hacking software, Password Creaking, Software

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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="s1">Password Safe allows you to manage your old passwords 
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlD_kPoAtc-ged13hmWQDksR42P4CWg2jbeL3cM29l0cWx_q-gyOBcVyxeveA2zBZswQuNMRYvCPbhZ_PawbWivVL70VQQU6EbMs4aJpwlf1bz2XdENeiyOHB_T6bt1Ff60Jh3uS1vn-k/s1600/secure+password.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlD_kPoAtc-ged13hmWQDksR42P4CWg2jbeL3cM29l0cWx_q-gyOBcVyxeveA2zBZswQuNMRYvCPbhZ_PawbWivVL70VQQU6EbMs4aJpwlf1bz2XdENeiyOHB_T6bt1Ff60Jh3uS1vn-k/s1600/secure+password.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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For customization and commercial support, please <a href="https://sourceforge.net/sendmessage.php?touser=370700" target="_blank">contact
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9KvPDoGBCSIfVnFQoR9zboXx220U4Wl_JupWCaFRd0CQjWhi8vfdxPT4SHlhXiFys2DB52clXSAxwIuWOmRKbHPM3Hfurwv6aSFpe6szpyJH0HvAGyMGEPAzJuuLL1J0fhNofndv8Vkg/s1600/treeview.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9KvPDoGBCSIfVnFQoR9zboXx220U4Wl_JupWCaFRd0CQjWhi8vfdxPT4SHlhXiFys2DB52clXSAxwIuWOmRKbHPM3Hfurwv6aSFpe6szpyJH0HvAGyMGEPAzJuuLL1J0fhNofndv8Vkg/s1600/treeview.png" /></a></div>
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So we claim to be secure. Why should you trust us? What steps do we take to back this claim? Well, here are a few:
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<ul>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/passwordsafe/files/passwordsafe/3.35/pwsafe-3.35.exe/download" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Download</span></span></a>  </div>
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Keep Your Passwords Safe with Password Safe

minix 0 hacking software, Password Creaking, Software

Password Safe allows you to manage your old passwords and to easily and quickly generate, store, organize, retrieve, and use complex new passwords, using password policies that you control. Once s…

Who provides the Internet service to Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?

If 32-bit machines can only handle numbers up to 2^32, why can I write 1000000000000 (trillion) without my machine crashing?

Keep Your Passwords Safe with Password Safe

MIUI 8 Global Beta ROM 6.7.5 Released

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